Reservations
and/or Declarations Entered by States parties to the ICESCR
Afghanistan
Declaration:
The presiding body of the Revolutionary Council of the Democratic
Republic of Afghanistan declares that the provisions of paragraphs
1 and 3 of article 48 of the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights and provisions of paragraphs 1 and 3 of article
26 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights, according to which some countries cannot join the aforesaid
Covenants, contradicts the International character of the aforesaid
Treaties. Therefore, according to the equal rights to all States
to sovereignty, both Covenants should be left open for the purpose
of the participation of all States.
Algeria
Interpretative declarations:
1. The Algerian
Government interprets article 1, which is common to the two Covenants,
as in no case impairing the inalienable right of all peoples to
self-determination and to control over their natural wealth and
resources.
It further considers that the maintenance of the State of dependence
of certain territories referred to in article 1, paragraph 3,
of the two Covenants and in article 14 of the Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights is contrary to the purposes and principles
of the United Nations, to the Charter of the Organization and
to the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial
Countries and Peoples [General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV)].
2. The Algerian Government interprets the provisions of article
8 of the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and
article 22 of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as making
the law the framework for action by the State with respect to
the organization and exercise of the right to organize.
3. The Algerian Government considers that the provisions of article
13, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights can in no case impair its right freely to organize
its educational system.
4. The Algerian Government interprets the provisions of article
23, paragraph 4, of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
regarding the rights and responsibilities of spouses as to marriage,
during marriage and at its dissolution as in no way impairing
the essential foundations of the Algerian legal system.
Bangladesh
Declarations:
Article 1:
It is the understanding of the Government of the People's Republic
of Bangladesh that the words “the right of self-determination of
Peoples” appearing in this article apply in the historical context
of colonial rule, administration, foreign domination, occupation
and similar situations.
Articles 2 and 3:
The Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh will implement
articles 2 and 3 in so far as they relate to equality between man
and woman, in accordance with the relevant provisions of its Constitution
and in particular, in respect to certain aspects of economic rights
viz. law of inheritance.
Articles 7 and 8:
The Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh will apply
articles 7 and 8 under the conditions and in conformity with the
procedures established in the Constitution and the relevant legislation
of Bangladesh.
Articles 10 and 13:
While the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh accepts
the provisions embodied in articles 10 and 13 of the Covenant in
principle, it will implement the said provisions in a progressive
manner, in keeping with the existing economic conditions and the
development plans of the country.”
Barbados
“The Government of Barbados states that it reserves the right to
postpone –
“(a) The application
of sub-paragraph (a) (1) of article 7 of the Covenant in so far
as it concerns the provision of equal pay to men and women for
equal work;
“(b) The application of article 10 (2) in so far as it relates
to the special protection to be accorded mothers during a reasonable
period during and after childbirth; and
“(c) The application of article 13 (2) (a) of the Covenant, in
so far as it relates to primary education; since, while the Barbados
Government fully accepts the principles embodied in the same articles
and undertakes to take the necessary steps to apply them in their
entirety, the problems of implementation are such that full application
of the principles in question cannot be guaranteed at this stage.”
Belgium
Interpretative declarations:
1. With respect
to article 2, paragraph 2, the Belgian Government interprets non-discrimination
as to national origin as not necessarily implying an obligation
on States automatically to guarantee to foreigners the same rights
as to their nationals. The term should be understood to refer
to the elimination of any arbitrary behaviour but not of differences
in treatment based on objective and reasonable considerations,
in conformity with the principles prevailing in democratic societies.
2. With respect to article 2, paragraph 3, the Belgian Government
understands that this provision cannot infringe the principle
of fair compensation in the event of expropriation or nationalization.
Bulgaria
“The People's Republic of Bulgaria deems it necessary to underline
that the provisions of article 48, paragraphs l and 3, of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and article 26, paragraphs
1 and 3, of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights, under which a number of States are deprived of the opportunity
to become parties to the Covenants, are of a discriminatory nature.
These provisions are inconsistent with the very nature of the Covenants,
which are universal in character and should be open for accession
by all States. In accordance with the principle of sovereign equality,
no State has the right to bar other States from becoming parties
to a covenant of this kind.”
China
Statement:
The signature that the Taiwan authorities affixed, by usurping the
name of “China”, to the [said Covenant] on 5 October 1967, is illegal
and null and void.
Congo
Reservation:
The Government of the People's Republic of the Congo declares that
it does not consider itself bound by the provisions of article 13,
paragraphs 3 and 4 . . Paragraphs 3 and 4 of article 13 of the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights embody the principle
of freedom of education by allowing parents the liberty to choose
for their children schools other than those established by the public
authorities. Those provisions also authorize individuals to establish
and direct educational institutions.
In our country, such provisions are inconsistent with the principle
of nationalization of education and with the monopoly granted to
the State in that area.
Denmark
“The Government of Denmark cannot, for the time being, undertake
to comply entirely with the provisions of article 7 (d) on remuneration
for public holidays.”
Egypt
Declaration:
... Taking into consideration the provisions of the Islamic Sharia
and the fact that they do not conflict with the text annexed to
the instrument, we accept, support and ratifiy it ... .
France
Declarations:
(1) The Government
of the Republic considers that, in accordance with Article 103
of the Charter of the United Nations, in case of conflict between
its obligations under the Covenant and its obligations under the
Charter (especially Articles 1 and 2 thereof), its obligations
under the Charter will prevail.
(2) The Government of the Republic declares that articles 6, 9,
11 and 13 are not to be interpreted as derogating from provisions
governing the access of aliens to employment or as establishing
residence requirements for the allocation of certain social benefits.
(3) The Government of the Republic declares that it will implement
the provisions of article 8 in respect of the right to strike
in conformity with article 6, paragraph 4, of the European Social
Charter according to the interpretation thereof given in the annex
to that Charter.
Guinea
In accordance with the principle whereby all States whose policies
are guided by the purposes and principles of the Charter of the
United Nations are entitled to become parties to covenants affecting
the interests of the international community, the Government of
the Republic of Guinea considers that the provisions of article
26, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights are contrary to the principle of the universality
of international treaties and the democratization of international
relations.
The Government of the Republic of Guinea likewise considers that
article 1, paragraph 3, and the provisions of article 14 of that
instrument are contrary to the provisions of the Charter of the
United Nations, in general, and United Nations resolutions on the
granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples, in particular.
The above provisions are contrary to the Declaration on Principles
of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation
among States contained in General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV),
pursuant to which every State has the duty to promote realization
of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples
in order to put an end to colonialism.
Hungary
Upon signature:
“The Government of the Hungarian People's Republic declares that
paragraph 1 of article 26 of the International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights and paragraph 1 of article 48 of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights according to
which certain States may not become signatories to the said Covenants
are of a discriminatory nature and are contrary to the basic principle
of international law that all States are entitled to become signatories
to general multilateral treaties. These discriminatory provisions
are incompatible with the objectives and purposes of the Covenants.”
Upon ratification:
“The Presidential Council of the Hungarian People's Republic declares
that the provisions of article 48, paragraphs 1 and 3, of [...]
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and article
26, paragraphs 1 and 3, of the International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights are inconsistent with the universal character
of the Covenants. It follows from the principle of sovereign equality
of States that the Covenants should be open for participation by
all States without any discrimination or limitation.”
India
Declarations:
“I. With reference
to article 1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights and article 1 of the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights, the Government of the Republic
of India declares that the words `the right of self-determination'
appearing in [this article] apply only to the peoples under foreign
domination and that these words do not apply to sovereign independent
States or to a section of a people or nation--which is the essence
of national integrity.
“II. With reference to article 9 of the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights, the Government of the Republic
of India takes the position that the provisions of the article
shall be so applied as to be in consonance with the provisions
of clauses (3) to (7) of article 22 of the Constitution of India.
Further under the Indian Legal System, there is no enforceable
right to compensation for persons claiming to be victims of unlawful
arrest or detention against the State.
“III. With respect to article 13 of the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights, the Government of the Republic
of India reserves its right to apply its law relating to foreigners.
“IV. With reference to articles 4 and 8 of the International Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Government of the
Republic of India declares that the provisions of the said [article]
shall be so applied as to be in conformity with the provisions
of article 19 of the Constitution of India.
“V. With reference to article 7 (c) of the International Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Government of the
Republic of India declares that the provisions of the said article
shall be so applied as to be in conformity with the provisions
of article 16(4) of the Constitution of India.”
Iraq
Upon signature and confirmed upon ratification:
“The entry of the Republic of Iraq as a party to the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights shall in no way signify recognition
of Israel nor shall it entail any obligation towards Israel under
the said two Covenants.”
“The entry of the Republic of Iraq as a party to the above two Covenants
shall not constitute entry by it as a party to the Optional Protocol
to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.”
Upon ratification:
“Ratification by Iraq . . . shall in no way signify recognition
of Israel nor shall it be conducive to entry with her into such
dealings as are regulated by the said [Covenant].”
Ireland
Reservations:
“Article 2, paragraph 2
In the context of Government policy to foster, promote and encourage
the use of the Irish language by all appropriate means, Ireland
reserves the right to require, or give favourable consideration
to, a knowledge of the Irish language for certain occupations.
Article 13, paragraph 2 (a)
Ireland recognises the inalienable right and duty of parents to
provide for the education of children, and, while recognising the
State's obligations to provide for free primary education and requiring
that children receive a certain minimum education, nevertheless
reserves the right to allow parents to provide for the education
of their children in their homes provided that these minimum standards
are observed.”
Japan
Reservations and declarations made upon signature and confirmed
upon ratification:
“1. In applying
the provisions of paragraph (d) of article 7 of the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Japan reserves
the right not be be bound by 'remuneration for public holidays'
referred to in the said provisions.
“2. Japan reserves the right not to be bound by the provisions
of sub-paragraph (d) of paragraph 1 of article 8 of the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, except in relation
to the sectors in which the right referred to in the said provisions
is accorded in accordance with the laws and regulations of Japan
at the time of ratification of the Covenant by the Government
of Japan.
“3. In applying the provisions of sub-paragraphs (b) and (c) of
paragraph 2 of article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights, Japan reserves the right not to be
bound by `in particular by the progressive introduction of free
education' referred to in the said provisions.
“4. Recalling the position taken by the Government of Japan, when
ratifying the Convention (No. 87) concerning Freedom of Association
and Protection of the Right to Organise, that `the police' referred
to in article 9 of the said Convention be interpreted to include
the fire service of Japan, the Government of Japan declares that
`members of the police' referred to in paragraph 2 of article
8 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights as well as in paragraph 2 of article 22 of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights be interpreted to include
fire service personnel of Japan.”
Kenya
“While the Kenya Government recognizes and endorses the principles
laid down in paragraph 2 of article 10 of the Covenant, the present
circumstances obtaining in Kenya do not render necessary or expedient
the imposition of those principles by legislation.”
Kuwait
Interpretative declaration regarding article 2, paragraph 2, and
article 3:
Although the Government of Kuwait endorses the worthy principles
embodied in article 2, paragraph 2, and article 3 as consistent
with the provisions of the Kuwait Constitution in general and of
its article 29 in particular, it declares that the rights to which
the articles refer must be exercised within the limits set by Kuwaiti
law.
Interpretative declaration regarding article 9:
The Government of Kuwait declares that while Kuwaiti legislation
safeguards the rights of all Kuwaiti and non-Kuwaiti workers, social
security provisions apply only to Kuwaitis.
Reservation concerning article 8, paragraph 1 (d):
The Government of Kuwait reserves the right not to apply the provisions
of article 8, paragraph 1 (d).
Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya
“The acceptance
and the accession to this Covenant by the Libyan Arab Republic shall
in no way signify a recognition of Israel or be conducive to entry
by the Libyan Arab Republic into such dealings with Israel as are
regulated by the Covenant.”
Madagascar
The Government of Madagascar states that it reserves the right to
postpone the application of article 13, paragraph 2, of the Covenant,
more particularly in so far as relates to primary education, since,
while the Malagasy Government fully accepts the principles embodied
in the said paragraph and undertakes to take the necessary steps
to apply them in their entirety at the earliest possible date, the
problems of implementation, and particularly the financial implications,
are such that full application of the principles in question cannot
be guaranteed at this stage.
Malta
“Article 13 – The Government of Malta declares that it is in favour
of upholding the principle affirmed in the words” and to ensure
the religious and moral education of their children in conformity
with their own convictions”. However, having regard to the fact
that the population of Malta is overwhelmingly Roman Catholic, it
is difficult also in view of limited financial and human resources,
to provide such education in accordance with a particular religious
or moral belief in cases of small groups, which cases are very exceptional
in Malta.”
Mexico
Interpretative statement:
The Government of Mexico accedes to the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights with the understanding that
article 8 of the Covenant shall be applied in the Mexican Republic
under the conditions and in conformity with the procedure established
in the applicable provisions of the Political Constitution of the
United Mexican States and the relevant implementing legislation.
Monaco
Interpretative declarations and reservations made upon signature
and confirmed upon ratification:
The Princely
Government declares that it interprets the principle of non-discrimination
on the grounds of national origin, embodied in article 2, paragraph
2, as not necessarily implying an automatic obligation on the part
of States to guarantee foreigners the same rights as their nationals.
The Princely Government declares that articles 6, 9, 11 and 13 should
not be constituting an impediment to provisions governing access
to work by foreigners or fixing conditions of residence for the
granting of certain social benefits.
The Princely Government declares that it considers article 8, paragraph
1, subparagraphs (a), (b) and (c) on the exercise of trade union
rights to be compatible with the appropriate legislative provisions
regarding the formalities, conditions and procedures designed to
ensure effective trade union representation and to promote harmonious
labour relations.
The Princely Government declares that in implementing the provisions
of article 8 relating to the exercise of the right to strike, it
will take into account the requirements, conditions, limitations
and restrictions which are prescribed by law and which are necessary
in a democratic society in order to guarantee the rights and freedoms
of others or to protect public order (ordre public), national security,
public health or morals.
Article 8, paragraph 2, should be interpreted as applying to the
members of the police force and agents of the State, the Commune
and public enterprises.
Mongolia
Declaration made upon signature and confirmed upon ratification:
The Mongolian People's Republic declares that the provisions of
paragraph 1 of article 26 of the International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights and of paragraph 1 of article 48 of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, under which
a number of States cannot become parties to these Covenants, are
of a discriminatory nature and considers that the Covenants, in
accordance with the principle of sovereign equality of States, should
be open for participation by all States concerned without any discrimination
or limitation.
Netherlands
Reservation with respect to Article 8, paragraph 1 (d)
“The Kingdom of the Netherlands does not accept this provision in
the case of the Netherlands Antilles with regard to the latter's
central and local government bodies.” [The Kingdom of the Netherlands]
clarify that although it is not certain whether the reservation
[. . .] is necessary, [it] has preferred the form of a reservation
to that of a declaration. In this way the Kingdom of the Netherlands
wishes to ensure that the relevant obligation under the Covenant
does not apply to the Kingdom as far as the Netherlands Antilles
is concerned.”
New
Zealand
“The Government of New Zealand reserves the right not apply article
8 to the extent that existing legislative measures, enacted to ensure
effective trade union representation and encourage orderly industrial
relations, may not be fully compatible with that article.
“The Government of New Zealand reserves the right to postpone, in
the economic circumstances foreseeable at the present time, the
implementation of article 10 (2) as it relates to paid maternity
leave or leave with adequate social security benefits.”
Norway
Subject to reservations to article 8, paragraph 1 (d) “to the effect
that the current Norwegian practice of referring labour conflicts
to the State Wages Board (a permanent tripartite arbitral commission
in matters of wages) by Act of Parliament for the particular conflict,
shall not be considered incompatible with the right to strike, this
right being fully recognised in Norway.”
Romania
Upon signature:
The Government of the Socialist Republic of Romania declares that
the provisions of article 26, paragraph 1, of the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are at variance
with the principle that all States have the right to become parties
to multilateral treaties governing matters of general interest.
Upon ratification:
(a) The State
Council of the Socialist Republic of Romania considers that the
provisions of article 26 (1) of the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are inconsistent with the
principle that multilateral international treaties whose purposes
concern the international community as a whole must be open to
universal participation.
(b) The State Council of the Socialist Republic of Romania considers
that the maintenance in a state of dependence of certain territories
referred to in articles 1 (3) and 14 of the International Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is inconsistent with the
Charter of the United Nations and the instruments adopted by the
Organization on the granting of independence to colonial countries
and peoples, including the Declaration on Principles of International
Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States
in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, adopted
unanimously by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution
2625 (XXV) of 1970, which solemnly proclaims the duty of States
to promote the realization of the principle of equal rights and
self-determination of peoples in order to bring a speedy end to
colonialism.
Russian
Federation
Declaration
made upon signature and confirmed upon ratification:
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics declares that the provisions
of paragraph 1 of article 26 of the International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights and of paragraph 1 of article 48 of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, under which
a number of States cannot become parties to these Covenants, are
of a discriminatory nature and considers that the Covenants, in
accordance with the principle of sovereign equality of States, should
be open for participation by all States concerned without any discrimination
or limitation.
Rwanda
The Rwandese Republic [is] bound, however, in respect of education,
only by the provisions of its Constitution.
Sweden
Sweden enters a reservation in connexion with article 7 (d) of the
Covenant in the matter of the right to remuneration for public holidays.
Syrian
Arab Republic
1. The accession
of the Syrian Arab Republic to these two Covenants shall in no
way signify recognition of Israel or entry into a relationship
with it regarding any matter regulated by the said two Covenants.
2. The Syrian Arab Republic considers that paragraph 1 of article
26 of the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and
paragraph 1 of article 48 of the Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights are incompatible with the purposes and objectives of the
said Covenants, inasmuch as they do not allow all States, without
distinction or discrimination, the opportunity to become parties
to the said Covenants.
Trinidad
and Tobago
In respect to
article 8 (1) (d) and 8 (2):
“The Government of Trinidad and Tobago reserves the right to impose
lawful and or reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the aforementioned
rights by personnel engaged in essential services under the Industrial
Relations Act or under any Statute replacing same which has been
passed in accordance with the provisions of the Trinidad and Tobago
Constitution.
Ukraine
Declaration made upon signature and confirmed upon ratification:
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic declares that the provisions
of paragraph 1 of article 26 of the International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights and of paragraph 1 of article 48 of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, under which
a number of States cannot become parties to these Covenants, are
of a discriminatory nature and considers that the Covenants, in
accordance with the principle of sovereign equality of States, should
be open for participation by all States concerned without any discrimination
or limitation.
United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Upon signature:
“First, the Government of the United Kingdom declare their understanding
that, by virtue of article 103 of the Charter of the United Nations,
in the event of any conflict between their obligations under article
1 of the Covenant and their obligations under the Charter (in particular,
under articles 1, 2 and 73 thereof) their obligations under the
Charter shall prevail.
“Secondly, the Government of the United Kingdom declare that they
must reserve the right to postpone the application of sub-paragraph
(a) (i) of article 7 of the Covenant in so far as it concerns the
provision of equal pay to men and women for equal work, since, while
they fully accept this principle and are pledged to work towards
its complete application at the earliest possible time, the problems
of implementation are such that complete application cannot be guaranteed
at present.
“Thirdly, the Government of the United Kingdom declare that, in
relation to article 8 of the Covenant, they must reserve the right
not to apply sub-paragraph (b) of paragraph 1 in Hong Kong, in so
far as it may involve the right of trade unions not engaged in the
same trade or industry to establish federations or confederations.
“Lastly, the Government of the United Kingdom declare that the provisions
of the Covenant shall not apply to Southern Rhodesia unless and
until they inform the Secretary-General of the United Nations that
they are in a position to ensure that the obligations imposed by
the Covenant in respect of that territory can be fully implemented.”
Upon ratification:
“Firstly, the Government of the United Kingdom maintain their declaration
in respect of article 1 made at the time of signature of the Covenant.
“The Government of the United Kingdom declare that for the purposes
of article 2 (3) the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands,
the Gilbert Islands, the Pitcairn Islands Group, St. Helena and
Dependencies, the Turks and Caicos Islands and Tuvalu are developing
countries.
“The Government of the United Kingdom reserve the right to interpret
article 6 as not precluding the imposition of restrictions, based
on place of birth or residence qualifications, on the taking of
employment in any particular region or territory for the purpose
of safeguarding the employment opportunities of workers in that
region or territory.
“The Government of the United Kingdom reserve the right to postpone
the application of sub-paragraph (i) of paragraph (a) of article
7, in so far as it concerns the provision of equal pay to men and
women for equal work in the private sector in Jersey, Guernsey,
the Isle of Man, Bermuda, Hong Kong and the Solomon Islands.
“The Government of the United Kingdom reserve the right not to apply
sub-paragraph 1(b) of article 8 in Hong Kong.
“The Government of the United Kingdom while recognising the right
of everyone to social security in accordance with article 9 reserve
the right to postpone implementation of the right in the Cayman
Islands and the Falkland Islands because of shortage of resources
in these territories.
“The Government of the United Kingdom reserve the right to postpone
the application of paragraph 1 of article 10 in regard to a small
number of customary marriages in the Solomon Islands and the application
of paragraph 2 of article 10 in so far as it concerns paid maternity
leave in Bermuda and the Falkland Islands.
“The Government of the United Kingdom maintain the right to postpone
the application of sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph 2 of article 13,
and article 14, in so far as they require compulsory primary education,
in the Gilbert Islands, the Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.
“Lastly the Government of the United Kingdom declare that the provisions
of the Covenant shall not apply to Southern Rhodesia unless and
until they inform the Secretary-General of the United Nations that
they are in a position to ensure that the obligations imposed by
the Covenant in respect of that territory can be fully implemented.”
Viet
Nam
Declaration:
That the provisions of article 48, paragraph 1, of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and article 26, paragraph
1, of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights, under which a number of States are deprived of the opportunity
to become parties to the Covenants, are of a discriminatory nature.
The Government of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam considers that
the Covenants, in accordance with the principle of sovereign equality
of States, should be open for participation by all States without
any discrimination or limitation.
Yemen
The accession of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen to this
Covenant shall in no way signify recognition of Israel or serve
as grounds for the establishment of relations of any sort with Israel.
Zambia
Reservation:
The Government of the Republic of Zambia states that it reserves
the right to postpone the application of article 13 (2) (a) of the
Covenant, in so far as it relates to primary education; since, while
the Government of the Republic of Zambia fully accepts the principles
embodied in the same article and undertakes to take the necessary
steps to apply them in their entirety, the problems of implementation,
and particularly the financial implications, are such that full
application of the principles in question cannot be guaranteed at
this stage.
This
page was last updated on July 10, 2004
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